Sun or Shade? Karl Niklas and T.G. Owens examined the differences in a particular plant, Plantago Major L., when grown in full sunlight versus shade conditions.14 In this study, shaded plants received direct sunlight for less than 2 hours each day, whereas full-sun plants were never shaded. A partial summary of the data based on n1 = 16 full-sun plants and n2 = 15 shade plants is shown here:
 | Full Sun | Shade | ||
 | s | s | ||
Leaf Area (cm2) | 128.00 | 43.00 | 78.70 | 41.70 |
Overlap Area (cm2) | 46.80 | 2.21 | 8.10 | 1.26 |
Leaf Number | 9.75 | 2.27 | 6.93 | 1.49 |
Thickness (mm) | .90 | .03 | .50 | .02 |
Length (cm) | 8.70 | 1.64 | 8.91 | 1.23 |
Width (cm) | 5.24 | .98 | 3.41 | .61 |
a. What assumptions are required in order to use the small-sample procedures given in this chapter to compare full-sun versus shade plants? From the summary presented, do you think that any of these assumptions have been violated?
b. Do the data present sufficient evidence to indicate a difference in mean leaf area for full-sun versus shade plants?
c. Do the data present sufficient evidence to indicate a difference in mean overlap area for full-sun versus shade plants?
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